“If you ask why, it is because this all-aspect omniscience cannot be expressed by means of mental images, because afflicted mental states arise from mental images. And if you ask what those mental images are, physical forms are mental images. Feelings are mental images. Perceptions are mental images. Consciousness is a mental image. The eyes are mental images. The ears are mental images. The nose is a mental image. The tongue is a mental image. The body is a mental image. The mental faculty is a mental image. Sights are mental images. Sounds are mental images. Odors are mental images. Tastes are mental images. Tangibles are mental images. Mental phenomena are mental images. Visual consciousness is a mental image. Auditory consciousness is a mental image. Olfactory consciousness is a mental image. Gustatory consciousness is a mental image. Tactile consciousness is a mental image. Mental consciousness is a mental image. Visually compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Aurally compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Nasally compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Lingually compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Corporeally compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Mentally compounded sensory contact is a mental image. Feelings conditioned by visually compounded sensory contact are mental images. Feelings conditioned by aurally compounded sensory contact are mental images. Feelings conditioned by nasally compounded sensory contact are mental images. Feelings conditioned by lingually compounded sensory contact are mental images. Feelings conditioned by corporeally compounded sensory contact are mental images. Feelings conditioned by mentally compounded sensory contact are mental images.
“The earth element is a mental image. The water element is a mental image. The fire element is a mental image. The wind element is a mental image. The space element is a mental image. The consciousness element is a mental image.
“Ignorance is a mental image. Formative predispositions are mental images. Consciousness is a mental image. Name and form are mental images. The six sense fields are mental images. Sensory contact is a mental image. Sensation is a mental image. Craving is a mental image. Grasping is a mental image. The rebirth process is a mental image. Birth is a mental image. Aging and death are mental images.
“The perfection of generosity is a mental image. The perfection of ethical discipline is a mental image. The perfection of tolerance is a mental image. The perfection of perseverance is a mental image. The perfection of meditative concentration is a mental image. The perfection of wisdom is a mental image.
“The emptiness of internal phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of external phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of external and internal phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of emptiness is a mental image. The emptiness of great extent is a mental image. The emptiness of ultimate reality is a mental image. The emptiness of conditioned phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of unconditioned phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of the unlimited is a mental image. The emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end is a mental image. The emptiness of nonexclusion is a mental image. The emptiness of inherent nature is a mental image. The emptiness of all phenomena is a mental image. The emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics is a mental image. The emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended is a mental image. The emptiness of nonentities is a mental image. The emptiness of essential nature is a mental image. The emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities is a mental image.
“The applications of mindfulness are mental images. The correct exertions are mental images. The supports for miraculous ability are mental images. The faculties are mental images. The powers are mental images. The branches of enlightenment are mental images. The noble eightfold path is a mental image. The truths of the noble ones are mental images. The meditative concentrations are mental images. The immeasurable attitudes are mental images. The formless absorptions are mental images. The eight liberations are mental images. The nine serial steps of meditative absorption are mental images. The emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness gateways to liberation are mental images. The extrasensory powers are mental images. The meditative stabilities are mental images. The dhāraṇī gateways are mental images. The ten powers of the tathāgatas are mental images. The four fearlessnesses are mental images. The four kinds of exact knowledge are mental images. Great compassion is a mental image. The eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas are mental images.
“Syllables are mental images. Singular expressions are mental images. Dual expressions are mental images. Plural expressions are mental images. These are said to be afflictive.
“If this perfection of wisdom could be apprehended as a mental image, the wandering mendicant Śreṇika would indeed not have gained faith in the knowledge of the Omniscient One.311
“What, you may ask, is faith? It is conviction, confidence, resolute belief, the feeling it is reliable, and attention, appraisal, and scrutiny with respect to the perfection of wisdom. And that is neither by means of mental images nor by means of the absence of mental images. Therefore, this perfection of wisdom should be grasped by not grasping mental images or the absence of mental images.
“The wandering mendicant Śreṇika, too, having become a resolute believer in the knowledge of the Omniscient One, as a follower on account of faith entered into it through partial knowledge. Having entered into it in that manner, he did not grasp physical forms, did not grasp feelings, did not grasp perceptions, did not grasp formative predispositions, and did not grasp consciousness. That is because he did not apprehend grasping any phenomena that are empty of their own defining characteristics.
“If you ask why, it is because he did not observe that knowledge internally due to a realization and attainment; he did not observe that knowledge externally due to a realization and attainment; nor did he observe that knowledge externally and internally due to a realization and attainment. Nor did he observe that knowledge as anything else due to a realization and attainment.
“If you ask why, it is because he did not observe anything with which he might realize, or which might realize, or which he might realize.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside physical forms, he did not observe that knowledge outside physical forms, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside physical forms, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than physical forms. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings. He did not observe that knowledge inside perceptions, he did not observe that knowledge outside perceptions, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside perceptions, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than perceptions. He did not observe that knowledge inside formative predispositions, he did not observe that knowledge outside formative predispositions, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside formative predispositions, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than formative predispositions. He did not observe that knowledge inside consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than consciousness.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside the eyes, he did not observe that knowledge outside the eyes, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the eyes, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the eyes. He did not observe that knowledge inside the ears, he did not observe that knowledge outside the ears, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the ears, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the ears. He did not observe that knowledge inside the nose, he did not observe that knowledge outside the nose, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the nose, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the nose. He did not observe that knowledge inside the tongue, he did not observe that knowledge outside the tongue, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the tongue, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the tongue. He did not observe that knowledge inside the body, he did not observe that knowledge outside the body, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the body, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the body. He did not observe that knowledge inside the mental faculty, he did not observe that knowledge outside the mental faculty, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the mental faculty, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the mental faculty.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside sights, he did not observe that knowledge outside sights, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside sights, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than sights. He did not observe that knowledge inside sounds, he did not observe that knowledge outside sounds, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside sounds, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than sounds. He did not observe that knowledge inside odors, he did not observe that knowledge outside odors, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside odors, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than odors. He did not observe that knowledge inside tastes, he did not observe that knowledge outside tastes, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside tastes, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than tastes. He did not observe that knowledge inside tangibles, he did not observe that knowledge outside tangibles, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside tangibles, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than tangibles. He did not observe that knowledge inside mental phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside mental phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside mental phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than mental phenomena.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside visual consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside visual consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside visual consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than visual consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside auditory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside auditory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside auditory consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than auditory consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside olfactory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside olfactory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside olfactory consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than olfactory consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside gustatory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside gustatory consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside gustatory consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than gustatory consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside tactile consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside tactile consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside tactile consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than tactile consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside mental consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside mental consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside mental consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than mental consciousness.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside visually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside visually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside visually compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than visually compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside aurally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside aurally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside aurally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than aurally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside nasally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside nasally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside nasally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than nasally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside lingually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside lingually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside lingually compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than lingually compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside corporeally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside corporeally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside corporeally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than corporeally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside mentally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside mentally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside mentally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than mentally compounded sensory contact.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by visually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by visually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by visually compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by visually compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by aurally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by aurally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by aurally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by aurally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by nasally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by nasally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by nasally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by nasally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by lingually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by lingually compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by lingually compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by lingually compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by corporeally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by corporeally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by corporeally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by corporeally compounded sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside feelings conditioned by mentally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside feelings conditioned by mentally compounded sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside feelings conditioned by mentally compounded sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than feelings conditioned by mentally compounded sensory contact.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside the earth element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the earth element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the earth element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the earth element. He did not observe that knowledge inside the water element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the water element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the water element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the water element. He did not observe that knowledge inside the fire element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the fire element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the fire element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the fire element. He did not observe that knowledge inside the wind element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the wind element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the wind element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the wind element. He did not observe that knowledge inside the space element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the space element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the space element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the space element. He did not observe that knowledge inside the consciousness element, he did not observe that knowledge outside the consciousness element, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the consciousness element, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the consciousness element.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside ignorance, he did not observe that knowledge outside ignorance, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside ignorance, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than ignorance. He did not observe that knowledge inside formative predispositions, he did not observe that knowledge outside formative predispositions, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside formative predispositions, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than formative predispositions. He did not observe that knowledge inside consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside consciousness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside consciousness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than consciousness. He did not observe that knowledge inside name and form, he did not observe that knowledge outside name and form, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside name and form, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than name and form. He did not observe that knowledge inside the six sense fields, he did not observe that knowledge outside the six sense fields, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the six sense fields, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the six sense fields. He did not observe that knowledge inside sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside sensory contact, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside sensory contact, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than sensory contact. He did not observe that knowledge inside sensation, he did not observe that knowledge outside sensation, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside sensation, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than sensation. He did not observe that knowledge inside craving, he did not observe that knowledge outside craving, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside craving, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than craving. He did not observe that knowledge inside grasping, he did not observe that knowledge outside grasping, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside grasping, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than grasping. He did not observe that knowledge inside the rebirth process, he did not observe that knowledge outside the rebirth process, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the rebirth process, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the rebirth process. He did not observe that knowledge inside birth, he did not observe that knowledge outside birth, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside birth, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than birth. He did not observe that knowledge inside aging and death, he did not observe that knowledge outside aging and death, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside aging and death, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than aging and death.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of generosity, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of generosity, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of generosity, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of generosity. He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of ethical discipline, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of ethical discipline, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of ethical discipline, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of ethical discipline. He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of tolerance, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of tolerance, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of tolerance, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of tolerance. He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of perseverance, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of perseverance, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of perseverance, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of perseverance. He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of meditative concentration, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of meditative concentration, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of meditative concentration, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of meditative concentration. He did not observe that knowledge inside the perfection of wisdom, he did not observe that knowledge outside the perfection of wisdom, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the perfection of wisdom, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the perfection of wisdom.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of internal phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of internal phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of internal phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of internal phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of external phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of external phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of external phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of external phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of external and internal phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of external and internal phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of external and internal phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of external and internal phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of emptiness, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of emptiness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of emptiness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of emptiness. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of great extent, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of great extent, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of great extent, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of great extent. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of ultimate reality, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of ultimate reality, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of ultimate reality, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of ultimate reality. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of conditioned phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of conditioned phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of conditioned phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of conditioned phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of unconditioned phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of unconditioned phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of unconditioned phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of unconditioned phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of the unlimited, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of the unlimited, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of the unlimited, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of the unlimited. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of nonexclusion, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of nonexclusion, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of nonexclusion, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of nonexclusion. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of inherent nature, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of inherent nature, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of inherent nature, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of inherent nature. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of all phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of all phenomena, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of all phenomena, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of all phenomena. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of nonentities, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of nonentities, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of nonentities, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of nonentities. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of essential nature, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of essential nature, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of essential nature, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of essential nature. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities.
“He did not observe that knowledge inside the applications of mindfulness, he did not observe that knowledge outside the applications of mindfulness, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the applications of mindfulness, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the applications of mindfulness. He did not observe that knowledge inside the correct exertions, he did not observe that knowledge outside the correct exertions, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the correct exertions, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the correct exertions. He did not observe that knowledge inside the supports for miraculous ability, he did not observe that knowledge outside the supports for miraculous ability, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the supports for miraculous ability, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the supports for miraculous ability. He did not observe that knowledge inside the faculties, he did not observe that knowledge outside the faculties, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the faculties, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the faculties. He did not observe that knowledge inside the powers, he did not observe that knowledge outside the powers, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the powers, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the powers. He did not observe that knowledge inside the branches of enlightenment, he did not observe that knowledge outside the branches of enlightenment, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the branches of enlightenment, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the branches of enlightenment. He did not observe that knowledge inside the noble eightfold path, he did not observe that knowledge outside the noble eightfold path, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the noble eightfold path, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the noble eightfold path. He did not observe that knowledge inside the truths of the noble ones, he did not observe that knowledge outside the truths of the noble ones, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the truths of the noble ones, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the truths of the noble ones. He did not observe that knowledge inside the meditative concentrations, he did not observe that knowledge outside the meditative concentrations, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the meditative concentrations, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the meditative concentrations. He did not observe that knowledge inside the immeasurable attitudes, he did not observe that knowledge outside the immeasurable attitudes, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the immeasurable attitudes, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the immeasurable attitudes. He did not observe that knowledge inside the formless absorptions, he did not observe that knowledge outside the formless absorptions, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the formless absorptions, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the formless absorptions. He did not observe that knowledge inside the eight liberations, he did not observe that knowledge outside the eight liberations, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the eight liberations, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the eight liberations. He did not observe that knowledge inside the serial steps of meditative absorption, he did not observe that knowledge outside the serial steps of meditative absorption, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the serial steps of meditative absorption, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the serial steps of meditative absorption. He did not observe that knowledge inside the emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness gateways to liberation, he did not observe that knowledge outside the emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness gateways to liberation, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the emptiness, wishlessness, and signlessness gateways to liberation, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness gateways to liberation. He did not observe that knowledge inside the extrasensory powers, he did not observe that knowledge outside the extrasensory powers, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the extrasensory powers, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the extrasensory powers. He did not observe that knowledge inside the meditative stabilities, he did not observe that knowledge outside the meditative stabilities, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the meditative stabilities, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the meditative stabilities. He did not observe that knowledge inside the dhāraṇī gateways, he did not observe that knowledge outside the dhāraṇī gateways, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the dhāraṇī gateways, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the dhāraṇī gateways. He did not observe that knowledge inside the ten powers of the tathāgatas, he did not observe that knowledge outside the ten powers of the tathāgatas, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the ten powers of the tathāgatas, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the ten powers of the tathāgatas. He did not observe that knowledge inside the fearlessnesses, he did not observe that knowledge outside the fearlessnesses, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the fearlessnesses, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the fearlessnesses. He did not observe that knowledge inside the kinds of exact knowledge, he did not observe that knowledge outside the kinds of exact knowledge, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the kinds of exact knowledge, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the kinds of exact knowledge. He did not observe that knowledge inside great compassion, he did not observe that knowledge outside great compassion, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside great compassion, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than great compassion. He did not observe that knowledge inside the distinct qualities of the buddhas, he did not observe that knowledge outside the distinct qualities of the buddhas, he did not observe that knowledge outside and inside the distinct qualities of the buddhas, and he did not observe that knowledge to be anything other than the distinct qualities of the buddhas.